Some Useful Sites

. Klassik Stiftung Weimar
. Online-Katalog der HAAB Weimar
· KVK Karlsruhe Virtual Catalog
. Online-Katalog der Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek (ThULB) Universität Jena

. Internet-Empfehlungen der Bibliothek (KSW)
. Archivdatenbank des Goethe- und Schiller-Archivs [Herausgegeben von der Klassik Stiftung Weimar
Goethe- und Schiller-Archiv]


. Det Kongelige Bibliothek Copenhagen [Andre biblioteker i REX ]
. Copenhagen University Library Theology

. UK Parliament. The Parliamentary Archives


. NEUE DEUTSCHE BIOGRAPHIE
. Biographische Datenbanken
. Anschriften von Institutionen mit laufenden oder geplanten biographischen Projekten
. Nachlässe

· Digibib - Die Digitale Bibliothek [Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster]
· COPAC [search]
· SASCAT [University of London SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY]
. British Library Integrated Catalogue
. Arts and Humanities electronic databases

. Kalliope Portal

· AIM25
· VD 17
· warburg [Mnemosyne entrance]
· igrs [Institute of Germanic & Romance Studies/links]
· psci-comlit [Wellcome Trust Library]
· google
· www.scholar.google.com
· British Library Net [Journals]
· The Victorian Web
· Cathedral Libraries Catalogue [Names of printing towns]

Book trade



· New Books [Thematic/ Keyword search]

· The Online Books Page

· Buchhandel.de VLB-Profisuche [VLB-Datenbank mit über 1.000.000 Büchern ]

· Zentrales Verzeichnis Antiquarischer Bücher. (ZVAB) [search -more than 6.7 million antiquarian books ]

· Auvermann & Keip [English/German]

· Hamburger Antiquariat

· Antiquariat Rainer F. Meyer

· Antiquariat INLIBRIS

· abebooks

· amazon

· Boydell & Brewer

· Walter de Gruyter

· Book Look

· booktrade.info

Biography



· The Thoemmes Encyclopedia of the History of Ideas [biographical and bibliographical database]

· The History of Ideas [Links, including: HIPPIAS Limited Area Search of Philosophy on the Internet]

· Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century German Philosophers [Thoemmes]

· Dictionary of Seventeenth-Century British Philosophers [Thoemmes]

· Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century British Philosophers [Thoemmes]

· The Dictionary of Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century Dutch Philosophers [Thoemmes]

· dbnl [digitale bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse letteren][alle auteurs]

· Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Philosophers [CSSP/ Thoemmes]

· Corvey Women Writers on the Web (CW3) [An electronic guide to literature 1796–1834 (Sheffield Hallam University)]

· The 1911 Encyclopedia [Britannica]

· Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

· Dictionary of Unitarian and Universalist Biography

· Lives, the Biography Resource [The largest guide to posthumous biography sites on the Web]



· Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) [Alphabetisches Register]



· Zedler [Johann Heinrich Zedler, Grosses vollständiges UNIVERSAL LEXIKON Aller Wissenschafften und Künste, welche bißhero durch menschlichen Verstand und Witz erfunden und verbessert worden... 64 Bde. und 4 Suppl.-Bde. Halle und Leipzig: Zedler 1732-1754 (gif- und pdf-Dateien)]



· Historisches Lexicon der Schweiz [French/German/Italian] [no longer free]

· K. G. Saur biographical search [no longer free]

· Institut Deutsche Adelsforschung/ Institut for German Aristocratic Research



· Kumuliertes Register der Neuen Deutschen Biographie (19 vols) [search]

· Allgemeinen Deutschen Biographie (56 vols.)’[ADB] [Digitales Suche]

Theology



· Zeitschrifteninhaltsdienst (ZID) Theologie [Aktuellste Monatslieferung des Current-Awareness-Dienstes, UB Tübingen]

· Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek [Universitätbibliothek Tübingen]

· Theology Today [Princeton Theological Seminary]

· THEOLDI [Documentation of Theological and Interdisciplinary Literature School of Theology at University of Innsbruck]

· CCEL [Christian Classics Ethereal Library]

· IDZ - Index of German Journals 1750-1815 [The Index of German Journals contains 100.000 records of articles published 1750 - 1815. These articles are indexed with German subject headings]

· Browsing in den Zeitschriften [Index deutschsprachiger Zeitschriften 1750- 1815 ][University of Bielefeld][Retrospektive Digitalisierung
wissenschaftlicher Rezensionsorgane
und Literaturzeitschriften des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts
aus dem deutschen Sprachraum ]

· Sammlungen und Nachlässe an der UB Kiel



· Digitalisierte Drucke Ältere Drucke aus dem Besitz der Bibliothek [Bielefeld]

· Goettinger Digitalisierungs-Zentrum [History of the Humanities and the Sciences; Itineraria/Travelbooks; Sibirica; Autobiographica; Early North Americana][Search]

· DigiZeitschriften [Verein zur Digitalisierung von wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften]

· sceti [Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text and Image; University of Pennsylvania Library]

· Center for Electronic Texts in the Humanities [CETH Projects (2000-2004)]

· The Perseus Digital Library [Tufts University]

· OAIster [a project of the University of Michigan Digital Library Production Services]

· The Online Books Page

· EOS [Electronic Open Stacks, University of Chicago]

· Electronic Text Collections in Western European Literature

· The Online Medieval and Classical Library (OMACL)

· AN ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ON-LINE NEO-LATIN TEXTS [Professor Dana F. Sutton, University of Califorinia, Irvine]

· Archives of C18-L [18th Century Interdisciplinary Discussion]

· The C18-L Bibliographies [James E. May ‘Recent Publications Concerning 18th-Century Holdings in Contemporary Library and Manuscript Collections’][Recent Sources for 18th-Century Studies: Bibliographical Tools]

· Early English Books Online

· Stadt-und Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main [Internetquellen zu Handschriften Inkunabeln, Nachlässen, Alten Drucken]

· Digibib - Die Digitale Bibliothek [Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster]

· LOTSE [Library Online Tour and Self-Paced Education ][Lotse Biographien ][Fachportale]

· CAMENA [University of Mannheim]

· (VD 17), Bibliography of Books Printed in the German Speaking Countries from 1601 to 1700

· KOPS [Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System; Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz-Volltextsuche]

· GEPRIS [a database-based search system on current projects that have been granted by the “Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft”.]

· Digitale Bibliothek - Münchener Digitalisierungszentrum (MDZ) [Suche in allen Sammlungen- Bayerische StaatsBibliothek]

· Wolfenbüttel Digital Library

· Dictionnaires & encyclopédies [Gallica BNF]

· GALLICA [Bibliothèque nationale de France][Interrogation du catalogue ][ Outils de recherche sur le Web ]

· LIENS EN CIVILISATION BRITANNIQUE [François POIRIER, professeur de civilisation britannique ][LINKS FOR BRITISH AREA STUDIES ***]



German



· Cambridge University Library [Electronic Resources: German][Digital Library]

· Digital Initatives at Oxford University [Electronic Resources. The Oxford Libraries provide a wide range of scholarly electronic resources but, for licensing reasons, most of them are restricted to members of the University of Oxford.]

· Bodleian Library [Western manuscripts]

· University of Oxford Faculty of English Guide to Web resources [18th Century Resources]

· University of Swansea [Dept. of German, External links-Duncan Large][German Literature]

· The Humbul Humanities Hub [A service of the Resource Discovery Network funded by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC), the Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB), and is hosted by the University of Oxford. Aims to be UK higher and further education's first choice for accessing online humanities resources.]

· H-NET [Humanities & Social Sciences OnLine; i.e. discussion networks, book reviews, web pages, job guide, academic announcements]

· H-Net Germanistik

· Voice of the Shuttle [Website for Humanities research][VoS is woven by Alan Liu of the U. California, Santa Barbara, English Department]

Dictionaries



· Adelung, Wörterbuch: Volltext und Images [Alle vier Bände des Grammatisch-kritischen Wörterbuchs von J.C. Adelung in der Ausgabe von 1811 sind nun als Volltext und Image verfügbar.]

· Die Bibel [Suche in die Bibel- Die Bibel nach der Übersetzung Martin Luthers in der revidierten Fassung von 1984.]

· DEUTSCHES RECHTSWÖRTERBUCH (DRW) [Anfangsbuchstaben I - Q]

· LEO [Bücher/Bibliotheken/Nachschlagewerke/Glossare]

· CANOO [Deutsche Wörterbücher und Grammatik/ German Dictionaries and Grammars]

· Erlanger Liste

· Oxford University Language Centre [English, German][German Weblinks for LAMBA]

· interDaF e.V. am Herder-Institut der Universität Leipzig

British Library



· British Library [Electronic databases: arts and humanities. Humanities resources for research. Alphabetical index by title][Because of licensing restrictions, access to this database is only available onsite in the British Library St Pancras Reading Rooms.]

· British Library [Other Libraries' Web Catalogues]

· ZETOC

· British Library Net



· British Museum [British Museum Department of Libraries and Archives ]

· COMPASS [a database of around 5000 objects selected from the huge range of the Museum's collections.]

· London 1753 [online tour]

· Encyclopaedia of British History:1500-1980

Libraries



· Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel

· Kungliga biblioteket Sveriges nationalbibliotek

· Det Kongelige Bibliotek [Rex search][ ELEKTRA - e-resources from The Royal Library]

· ZENTRALBIBLIOTHEK ZÜRICH - SAMMLUNG ALTE DRUCKE

· STIFTUNG WEIMARER KLASSIK

· Stiftung Weimarer Klassik und die Kunstsammlungen [ Schloßmuseum, Bauhaus-Museum, Neues Museum, Schloß Belvedere][online- Datenbanken]

· Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz

· Dokumenten- und Publikationsserver der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

· Sächsische Landesbibliothek / Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden

· Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen

· Universitäts- und Forschungsbibliothek Erfurt/Gotha

· Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt Halle

· Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München

· OPUS - Metasuche

· Project MUSE [search]

· ingenta [search, web ‘infomediary’ access to 5,400 full-text online publications, + 26,000 publications]

· Das Digitale Zeitschriften Archiv

· JSTOR [Journals by Discipline] [includes many articles on Herder, requires registration]

· ilej [Internet Library of Early Journals ]



Archives



· AMERICAN MEMORY [Historical Collections for the National Digital Library; American Memory is a gateway to rich primary source materials relating to the history and culture of the United States. The site offers more than 7 million digital items from more than 100 historical collections.]

· The E Pluribus Unum Project

· The SPECIALIZED LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS [search] (University of Southern California)

· ARCHON [Archon is the principal online information gateway for archivists in the United Kingdom and users of manuscript sources for British history. It is hosted and maintained by the HMC(Historical Manuscripts Commission) and is divided into two sections, the ARCHON Directory and the ARCHON Portal.]

· HDS [The History Data Service has recently updated its website to allow users extended browsing of their catalogue of several hundred historical resources. Users are now free to explore the HDS collections by time period (e.g. Mid twentieth-century or seventeenth century), subject area (e.g. urban history or eccentrically history) or by geographical region (e.g by country or continent or, for UK-based resources, by region.)]

· AIM25 [Archives in London and the M25 area; AIM25 is a major project to provide electronic access to collection level descriptions of the archives of over fifty higher education institutions and learned societies within the greater London area.]

· The National Archives

· UK Data Archive

· Historicum.net [Geschichts- und Kunstwissenschaften im Internet]

· Biographisches Informationssystem zur Französischen Revolution [Biographien der Akteure, Zeugen und Opfer der Französischen Revolution (Universität München)]

· SAGW [Schweizerische Akademie der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften]

· ANTIQUARISCHE GESELLSCHAFT IN ZÜRICH

· Institut für Europäische Geschichte [Historic maps (Mainz)]

· IDEAS [University of Connecticut, Dept. of Economics]

· Victorian Studies

· About

· Virtual Library History [University of Dortmund]

· History today

· Altertumswissenschaft im Internet [links]

· Victoria Research Web [Libraries and Bibliographies Research Guides and Works of Reference]

· The German Reigning Houses [between the Downfall of Napoleon I and the November Revolution (1815-1918)]

· Linksammlung zu Varnhagen-Assing [Rahel Varnhagen site/Links]

· IASLonline [IASLonline (Münich) ist eine kostenfreie elektronische Zeitschrift, hervorgegangen aus dem gedruckten Internationalen Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur.]

· Renascence Editions [An Online Repository of Works Printed in English Between the Years 1477 and 1799]

· COMPUTERPHILOLOGIE [Philologische Fachzeitschriften]
hobo [listing that details the contents (excluding book reviews) of selected current bibliographical journals, based on the holdings of the Bodleian Library and the English Faculty Library, Oxford.]

· Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie



· EEBO [Early English Books Online]

· Digitizing the Burney Collection of Early English Newspapers [The Center for Bibliographical Studies at the University of California, Riverside, is in the process of digitizing the Burney Collection of eighteenth-century English newspapers at the British Library]

· germanlifeandletters [online cumulative index, 1936-2002; search archive]

· Das Projekt Freiburger Anthologie 1720-1900



· The World Heritage List [UNESCO]

· Memory of the World Register [UNESCO]

· Noble e-Museum

· The universal library: from Alexandria to the internet [LHG: Second Anglo-German seminar on library history, London, September 1996]



Encyclopedias



· The Literary Encyclopedia

· The 1911 Encyclopedia [Britannica][i.e. the Eleventh Edition (1910)? It fills 29 volumes and contains over 44 million words.]

· Meyers Konversationslexikon [Eine Encyklopädie des allgemeinen Wissens, vierte Auflage, Leipzig, 1888-1889. Auf dieser Seite werden Sie in 16 Bänden mit insgesamt etwa 16.000 Seiten des oben genannten Werkes recherchieren können]

· Allgemeinwissen und Gesellschaft [Liste von Enzyklopädien]

· Encyclopedias [University of waterloo]

· The Encyclopedia of World History Ancient, Medieval, and Modern [ Sixth Edition. Renowned historian Peter N. Stearns and thirty prominent historians have combined their expertise over the past ten years to perfect this comprehensive chronology of more than 20,000 entries that span the millennia from prehistoric times to the year 2000.]

· ENCYCLOPEDIA 4U .com

· Bibliotheca judaica : bibliographisches Handbuch der gesammten jüdischen Literatur, mit Einschluß der Schriften über Juden und Judenthum und einer Geschichte der jüdischen Bibliographie von Julius Fürst. Erster Teil, A-H [Zweiter Teil, I-M ] [Dritter und letzter Teil, N-Z]

· Geschichte der hebräischen Sprache und Schrift : eine philologisch-historische Einleitung in die Sprachlehren und Wörterbücher der hebräischen Sprache [Wilhelm Gesenius]



Shakespeare



· The WWW Virtual Library

· Shakespeare’s Works [Terry A. Gray]

· University of Oxford Faculty of English Guide to Web resources [Shakespeare]

· CERES

· Internet Shakespeare Editions

· The Enfolded Hamlet [Search Enfolded Texts of the Second Quarto and First Folio]

· Shakespeare's Sonnets [A Facsimile of the Chalmers-Bridgewater Copy (Aspley Imprint) of the 1609 Quarto, in the Huntington Library. Converted into Digital Format by R.G. Siemens, U of Alberta, 1998]

· The First Folio and Early Quartos of William Shakespeare [46 texts -- early printed versions of some of Shakespeare's plays and poems. The spelling, punctuation, and other 17th-century printing conventions have not been normalized. Line numbering for each play is "to the end"; that is, running straight through from first to last line rather than restarting with each new scene.]

· Shakespeare, William [Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 24, 1926, pp.772-797.]

· The works of Francis Bacon : Faksimile-Neudruck des Ausgabe von Spedding, Ellis und Heath, London 1857-1874, in vierzehn Bänden. Erster Band, [Philosophical works, part 1] Stuttgart : Frommann : Holzboog, 1989. [gallica BNF]



· The Spectator Project (1711-14), by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele [The text and notes are from the 1891 imprint of the Spectator, edited by Henry Morley and published by George Routledge; Rutgers University][needs DjVu][Search the complete volumes of the Spectator & Tatler]

· Tatler [the Aitken edition, London, 1899, Vols. 1- 4][Rutgers University][needs DjVu]

· Bailey’s ‘A new universal etymological English dictionary. London, 1772’ [Rutgers University] [needs DjVu]

· Johnson’s Rambler [The Chalmer's 1812 edition, vols. 1-4 ] [Rutgers University] [needs DjVu]





Goethe



· Goethes Briefe. Weimarer Ausgabe in 50 Bänden [searchable text database at Kyushu University, Japan]

· Goethes Werke. Hamburger Ausgabe in 14 Bänden [searchable text database at Kyushu University, Japan]

· Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832) [Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 12, 1926, pp.182-188 -John George Robertson]

· KALLÍAS [Online-Katalog des Deutschen Literaturarchivs in Marbach am Neckar (Schiller-Nationalmuseum )]

· Personenregister zu Goethe: Tag- und Jahreshefte [FrA I. Abt., Bd. 17, hrsg. von Irmtraut Schmid; Universität des Saarlandes ]





Hamann



· Johann Georg Hamann [includes: Bibliographie der Hamann-Literatur; Schriften und Briefe Digital‚etc.]

· Johann Georg Hamann [Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -Gwen Griffith-Dickson, June 29, 2002]

· Hamann, Johann Georg (1730-1788) [Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 12, 1926, p.869.]

· Hamann, Johann Georg [Chamber’s Encyclopædia, 1868]

· Aesthetica in nuce: A Rhapsody in Cabbalistic Prose (1762) [incomplete]

·



Hume



· The Hume Society [‘Hume Studies’ (Vol. I-XXI) is on line, access for members]

· A Bibliography of Hume's Writings and Early Responses by JamesFieser.[Thoemmes, 2003, PDF 688 KB]

· The Leeds Hume Project [Leeds Electronic Text Centre ]

· David Hume [Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -William Edward Morris, February 26, 2001]

· David Hume (1711-1776) [THE ONLINE LIBRARY OF LIBERTY][works in html, facs. pdf, etc.]

· Essays Moral, Political, Literary, ed. Eugene F. Miller (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund 1987).

· The History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in 1688 in 6 vols. Foreword by William B. Todd. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund 1983). [vol.1.][Chapter I (The Britons and Romans) to Chapter XI (King John)] [vol. 2.] [Chapter XII (Henry III) to Chapter XXIII (Edward V and Richard III)][vol. 3.][Chapter XXVII (Henry VII) to Chapter XXVI (Mary) ][vol. 4.][Chapter XXXVIII (Elizabeth) to Chapter XLIV (State of Ireland) ][vol. 5.] [Chapter XLV (James I) to Chapter LIX (Mutiny of the Army)][vol. 6.] [Chapter LX (The Commonwealth) to Chapter LXXI (Conduct of the Prince of Orange)]

· Histoire d'Angleterre.Tome premier par David Hume; contin. jusqu'à nos jours par Smolett, Adolphus et Aikin ; trad. nouv. par M. Campenon,Paris, 1839 [Each volume contains: Table des chapitres et sommaires ] [Tome deuxième][Tome troisième][Tome cinquième CHAPITRE LII.Mort

du Buckingham

][Tome sixième CHAPITRE LXIII. Naissance et vie privée de Cromwell; Mort de l'amiral Blake][Tome septième][Tome huitième] [Tome neuvième][Tome dixième][Tome onzième][Tome douzième][Tome treizième]




Kant


· Kant, Immanual [Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 15, 1926, pp.662-672 -Robert Adamson (in part)]

· Kant, Immanuel [Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy-Paul Guyer, 1998 ]

· Martin Knutzen und seine Zeit, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Wolfischen Schule und insbesondere zur Entwicklungsgeschichte Kants von Dr. Benno Erdmann


· Verweise zu Kantrelevanten Seiten im Netz [Philipps University Marburg][for current works on Kant see the excellent ‚Bibliographischer Informationsdienst’]

· Kant-Studien [search]


· Geschichte der Metaphysik . Band I, Bis Kant von Eduard von Hartmann

· Kant's Werke . Band I, Vorkritische Schriften. I, 1747-1756 / [hrsg. von Wilhelm Dilthey] [gallica BNF][i.e. Kant’s gesammelte Schriften, hrsg. v. der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin, 1910]

· Kant's Werke . Band III, Kritik der reinen Vernunft / [hrsg. von Wilhelm Dilthey]

· Kant's Werke . Band IV, Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1. Aufl.). Prolegomena [zu einer jeden künftigen Metaphysik, die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten können]. Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten / [hrsg. von Wilhelm Dilthey]

· Kant's Werke . Band V, Kritik der praktischen Vernunft. Kritik der Urtheilskraft / [hrsg. von Wilhelm Dilthey]

· Kant's Werke . Band VII, Der Streit der Fakultäten. Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht / [hrsg. von Wilhelm Dilthey]

· Kant's Werke . Band VIII, Abhandlungen nach 1781 / [hrsg. von Wilhelm Dilthey]

· Kant's Werke . Band IX, Logik. Physische Geographie. Pädagogik / hrsg. von der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften

· Kant's Briefwechsel . Band I, 1747-1788 / [hrsg. von Rudolf Reicke] Kant's gesammelte Schriften ; 2, 1. Berlin, 1922.

· Kant's Briefwechsel . Band II, 1789-1794 / [hrsg. von Rudolf Reicke]

· Kant's Briefwechsel . Band III, 1795-1803 / [hrsg. von Rudolf Reicke]

· Kant's Briefwechsel . Band IV, Anmerkungen und Register / [hrsg. von Rudolf Reicke]

· Kant's handschriftlicher Nachlaß . Band I, Mathematik, Physik und Chemie, physische Geographie / [hrsg. von Erich Adickes]

· Kant's handschriftlicher Nachlaß . Band II, Anthropologie. Erste Hälfte / [hrsg. von Erich Adickes]

· Kant's handschriftlicher Nachlaß . Band III, Logik / [hrsg. von Erich Adickes]

· Kant's handschriftlicher Nachlaß . Band IV, Metaphysik. Erster Theil / [hrsg. von Erich Adickes]

· Kant's handschriftlicher Nachlaß . Band V, Metaphysik. Zweiter Theil / [hrsg. von Erich Adickes]

· Kant's handschriftlicher Nachlaß . Band VI, Moralphilosophie, Rechtsphilosophie und Religionsphilosophie / [hrsg. von Erich Adickes]

· Kant's handschriftlicher Nachlaß . Band VII / [hrsg. von Erich Adickes]

· Kant's handschriftlicher Nachlaß . Band X, Vorarbeiten und Nachträge / [hrsg. von Erich Adickes]

· Kant's handschriftlicher Nachlaß . Band II, Anthropologie. Zweite Hälfte / [hrsg. von Erich Adickes]

· Kant's Werke . Band VI, Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft. Die Metaphysik der Sitten / [hrsg. von Wilhelm Dilthey]

· Kant's handschriftlicher Nachlaß . Band V, Metaphysik. Zweiter Theil / [hrsg. von Erich Adickes]


Harnack, Lotze, Dilthey


· Geschichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Band I. 1, Von der Gründung bis zum Tode Friedrich's des Grossen [Adolf von Harnack] [Band I. 2, Vom Tode Friedrich's des Grossen bis zur Gegenwart][Band II, Urkunden und Actenstücke zur Geschichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften ]

· Mikrokosmus, Ideen zur Naturgeschichte und Geschichte der Menschheit, Versuch einer Anthropologie von Hermann Lotze. Band I [ Band II] [Band III]

· Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften : Versuch einer Grundlegeng für das Studium der Gesellschaft und der Geschichte [Wilhelm Dilthey]

· Studien zur Geschichte des deutschen Geistes : Leibniz und sein Zeitalter. [Wilhelm Dilthey]

· Jugendgeschichte Hegels und andere Abhandlungen zur Geschichte des deutschen Idealismus [Wilhelm Dilthey]

· Pädagogik : Geschichte und Grundlinie des Systems [Wilhelm Dilthey]

· Zur preussischen Geschichte : Schleiermachers politische Gesinnung und Wirksamkeit [Wilhelm Dilthey] [Die Reorganistoren des Preussischen Staates (1807-1813); Das Allgemeine Landrecht]



· Characteristics of men, manners, opinions, times . Volume I / Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury. London, 1711. [G. Olms, 1978][Volume 2][Volume 3]

· Die philosophischen Schriften von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz . Erster Band / hrsg. von C. I. Gerhardt.Berlin, 1875. [G. Olms, 1978][Zweiter Band] [Dritter Band] [Vierter Band] [Fünfter Band] [Sechster Band] [Siebenter Band]



· Locke Studies. An Annual Journal of Locke Research. [Of the Conduct of the Understanding]

· Locke, John (1632-1704) [Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 16, 1926, pp.844-852 –Alexander Campbell Fraser]

· THE SHANDEAN [An annual volume devoted to Laurence Sterne and his works]



· Joseph Priestley Online Bibliography

· John Stuart Mill Links





___________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Philosophy related

. Useful Web Sites for Philosophy [Cardiff University]

. British Society for the History of Philosophy [BSHP]

· PHILIS [Philosophie Informationssytem]

· Internationale Virtual Library [Sektion: Deutsche Datenquellen- Philosophie]

· Marburger Forum [philoSOPHIA]

· New Left Review [Jürgen Habermas, ‘Why Europe needs a constitution’]

· The Royal Institute of Philosophy [Essential Philosophy Links]

· Philosophie im Internet [Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz; Online-Zeitschriften zur Philosophie und Wissenschaftsgeschichte]

· Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

· The Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy

· Guide to Philosophy on the Internet

· Philosophy in Cyberspace [SECTION 2: ELECTRONIC TEXTS]

· A Miniature Library of Philosophy [Andy Blunden]

· The Pansophist Electric Bibliothek [Online Library of the Walter Benjamin Research Syndicate; Updated August 7, 2003. There are over 1000 links to texts on-line.]

· 18th-C. Resources: Philosophy [Jack Lynch ]

· Institute for Learning Technologies [Digital Text Projects]

· English Server Philosophy Page

· Institut für Philosophie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

· Philosophische Fakultät der FSU Jena [Friedrich-Schiller-Universität]

· Philosophy@ [University of Liverpool]

· The Society for Continental Philosophy and Theology

· Episteme Links [Philosophy resources on the Internet;Gems of the Web] [Philosophical blogs]

· The History of Ideas [Links, including: HIPPIAS Limited Area Search of Philosophy on the Internet]

·

· News Now

· Altavista

· Vivísimo

· AllRefer.comreference

· geometry [The online learning center]

· Alltheweb

· ixquick

· Legal Encyclopaedia

· Encyclopedia of Television [The Museum of Broadcast Communications, Chicago]

· British Film Institute

· Arts & Letters Daily

· Giga Quotes

· Fullbooks.com

· World Wide School


· Walking Switzerland

· A List of Lakeland Felltops [search]

· Walking Britain

Partial English translations in Lavater’s ‘Essays on Physiognomy’

“Plusieurs morceaux sont absolument intraduisibles…”: partial English translations of Herder’s ‘Plastik’ in Johann Caspar Lavater’s ‘Essays on Physiognomy’( Holcroft, 1789[Note 1]; Hunter, 1789[Note 2]; C. Moore, 1797 [Note 3] ); together with notes on the critical reception of Thomas Holcroft’s Herder translation, “opposing a translation of our own” in the ‘Analytical Review.’ [Vol. V, December, 1789, Art. Viii, pp.454-462.] [work in progress]


„Of all the Authors I am acquainted with, who have either occasionally mentioned physiognomy, or expressly treated the subject, no one appears to me so profound and so just, so sublime and yet so accurate, as HERDER.


The passages from his work entitled Plastics*, which I wished to introduce in this place, but of which I can only present an abridgment, may be considered as Authorities, which, in some measure, absorb all those which I have hitherto produced: —they form of themselves a compend of Physiognomy; they are the summary and substance of the Science. I regret exceedingly that it was not in any power to insert them in the German Edition of my Book, and scarcely dare I [page 58] presume to intreat the reader to satisfy himself with an imperfect translation of what almost defies all power of translation.— But, inferior as they must be to the Original, they cannot fail to appear important and instructive.


* De la Plastique: Observations upon the Form and Figure: taken from Pygmalion’s Dream. τι καλλος ; ερωημα τυφλ8 Riga, Hartknoch, 1778.”( Lavater quoted in Henry Hunter, 1789)




Note 1

“Essays | On | Physiognomy | For The Promotion | Of The | Knowledge And The Love |Of| Mankind. | Written In The German Language | By J.C. Lavater, | And Translated Into English | By Thomas Holcroft. | Illustrated By Three Hundred And Sixty Engravings. | Vol. 1. | [ornamental line] | London: | Printed For G. G. J. And J. Robinsons | Paternoster Row. | [short line] | MDCCLXXXIX.”[BL.: Cup. 407. kk. 44.][235 x 140mm.][‘Herder’ in: VII. Testimonies in Favour of Physiognomy, Vol. 1, pp.50-55][1. Solomon. 2. Jesus, Son of Sirach. 3. Sultzer. 4. Wolf. 5. Gellert. 6. Herder]

„The German is a language abounding in compound words, and epithets linked in endless chains. Eager to excel, its writers think they never can have said enough, while any thing more can be said: their energy is frequently unbridled. And certainly, in the exalted quality of energy, Mr Lavater will cede to few of his countrymen. Bold endeavours have been made to preserve the spirit of his reasoning. The enthusiasm of his feelings, and the sublimity of his conceptions. But, without any affected distrust of myself, I cannot venture to affirm they are preserved.”[ Holcroft, Thomas(1745-1809) Advertisement,pp.v-vi]

“OF all the writers I am acquainted with, who have mentioned physiognomy, none seem to me so profound, so exact, so clear, so great, I had almost said, so sacred, as Herder. The passages which I shall transcribe from his Plastick* (a work which may challenge all nations to produce its equal) are not only testimonies in favour of physiognomy, but almost render every thing I have hitherto said trivial. They nearly contain the system of physiognomy in nuce (in a nutshell), the essence and sum of physiognomy.

* Plastik. Einige Wahrnehmungen über Form und Gestalt aus Pygmalions bildendem Träume. τι καλλος ; ερωημα τυφλ[8?] Riga bey Hartknoch, 1778.

"Herder

"WHERE is the hand that shall grasp that which resides beneath the skull of man! Who shall approach the surface of that now tranquil, now tempestuous abyss! Like as the Deity has ever been adored in sacred groves, so is the Lebanon, the Olympus of man, that seat of the secret power of the Divinity, overshadowed! We shudder at contemplating the powers contained in so small a circumference, by which a world may be enlightened, or a world destroyed *[1]

„What hand can seize that substance laid up in the head and contained in the skull of man? What organ of flesh and blood is able to sound the abyss of faculties, of internal powers, which there ferment or repose. The Deity himself has taken care to cover that sacred summit, the abode and work-shop of the most secret operations- the Deity, I say, has covered it with a forest*[* The Hair], emblem of those hallowed groves in which the sacred mysteries were celebrated in antient times. The mind is struck with a religious horror at the idea of that shaded mountain where the Lightning resides, a single flash of which bursting from the chaos, is sufficient to illuminate, to embellish, – or to waste and destroy a World.

[ „Was im Haupt, unter dem Schädel eines Menschen wohne, welche Hand kann es fassen? Welch ein Finger von Fleisch und Blut diesen Abgrund inwendig gärender oder stiller Kräfte ertappen an der äußern Rinde? Die Gottheit selbst hat diese heilige Höhe, den Olympus oder Libanon unsres Gewächses, als den Aufenthält und die Werkstätte ihrer geheimsten Würkung mit einem Haine** bedeckt, mit dem sie sonst auch alle ihre Geheimnisse deckte. Man schauert, wenn man sich das Rund umfaßt denket, in dem eine Schöpfung wohnet, in dem ein Blitz, der da aus dem Chaos leuchtet, eine Welt schmücken und erleuchten oder eine Welt zerschmettern und verwüsten kann.

** das Haar.“][Plastik, Herders Werke, hrsg. v. Matthias, Bd. 3, S.116]

"Through those two inlets of soul, the eye and ear, how wonderful are the worlds of light[page 51] and sound, the words and images that find entrance! [ „Durch die kleine Höhle, Ohr, und durch das, was nur Anschein einer Pforte ist, Auge, kommen zwo Wunderwelten von Licht und Schall, von Wort und Bildern in unsern Himmel von Gedanken und Kräften, die das ...“ [Plastik,Herders Werke, hrsg. v. Matthias, Bd. 3, S.118: 3-6]

"How significant are the descending locks that shade this mountain, this seat of the gods! their luxuriance, their partition, their intermingling *![2]

"The head is elevated upon the neck. Olympus resting upon an eminence, in which are united freedom and strength, compression and elasticity, descriptive of the present and the future. The neck it is that expresses, not what man was originally, but what he is by habit or accident become; whether erect in defence or freedom, stretched forth and curbed in token of patient suffering, rising a Herculean pillar of fortitude, or sinking between the shoulders, the image of degradation; still it is incontestably expressive of character, action, and truth."

The neck, on which the head is supported, discovers, not that which is in the Interior of Man, but that which he wishes to express. It makes either firmness and liberty, or softness and sweet flexibility. Sometimes its noble and easy attitude announces the dignity of condition; sometimes, bending downward, it expresses the resignation of the Martyr, and sometimes it is a column emblematical of the strength of Hercules. Nay, its very deformities, its sinking between the shoulders, are characteristic signs, full of truth and expression.

[“Das Haupt steht auf dem Halse: das ist, der Olympus auf einer Höhe, die Festigkeit und Freiheit oder Schwanensanftheit und Weiche zeigt, wo sie ist, was sie sein soll: ein elfenbeinerner Turm, sagt das älteste und wahreste Lied der Liebe. Der Hals ist’s, der eigentlich exferieret, nicht was der Menschen in seinem Haupt ist, sondern wie er sein Haupt und Leben träget. Hier der freie, edle Stand, oder die Starke Herkulesfeste, oder seine Mißgestalten, seine Krümmen und Verbergungen zwischen den Schultern, sein Bärenfett samt dem kalekutischen Unterkinne und wilden Schweinesröcheln sind auch in Character, in That und Wahrheit unsäglich. Sowohl was die Griechen den schönen Nacken, als was die Ungriechen Gurgel und Adamsapfel nennen, ist äußerst bedeutend.“ [Plastik, Herders Werke,Bd. 3, S.120]

Let us proceed to the countenance, in which shine forth mind, and divinity.

On the front appear light and gloom, joy and anxiety, stupidity, ignorance, and vice. On this brazen table are deeply engraved every combination of sense and soul. I can [page 52] conceive no spectator to whom the forehead can appear uninteresting. Here all the Graces revel, or all the Cyclops thunder! Nature has left it bare, that, by it, the countenance may be enlightened or darkened.

Let us pass on to the human face, the picture of the soul, the image of the Divinity. The forehead is the seat of serenity, of joy, of gloomy discontent, of anguish, of stupidity, of ignorance, and of malignity. It is a table of brass, on which all the thoughts are engraved in characters of fire.— I cannot comprehend how a forehead can ever appear an object of indifference.

At its lowest extremities, thought appears to be changed into act. The mind here collects the powers of resistance. Here reside the cornua addita pauperi. Here headlong obstinacy and wise perseverance take up their fixed abode‡.[3] [„Ich komme zum Antlitz des Menschen, zur Tafel Gottes und der Seele. Heilige decke, verbirg mir den Glanz und zeige mir Menschheit! Das Leuchten des Angesichts zeigt sich insonderheit auf der Stirn: da wohnet Licht, da wohnet Freude, da wohnt dunkler Kummer und Angst und Dummheit und Unwissenheit und Bosheit...[...]...Hinter dieser spanischen Wand singen doch einmal alle Grazien oder hammern alle Cyklopen, und sie ist von der Natur offenbar selbst gebildet, daß sie das Angesicht solle leuchten lassen oder verdunkeln.... „[Plastik, Herders Werke,Bd. 3, S.121: ]

“Hier ist’s, wo sich die Seele zusammenzieht zum Widerstande: das sind die cornua addita pauperi, mit denen er entweder in seliger Dumpfheit blind gehet und trifft oder wie jener indianische Götze das versunkne Gesetz aus dem Schlamme des Abgrundes hinaufholet. „[Plastik, Herders Werke,Bd. 3, S.122:18-23 ]

At its lower extremity, the Understanding seems blended with the will. Here the Soul seems to concentrate its powers to prepare for resistance. Below the forehead stands that beautiful frontier the eyebrow, in its mildness, the rainbow of peace; the bended bow of discord, when it expresses rage: Thus, in either case, it is the announcing sign of the affections.

“Beneath the forehead are its beauteous confines the eyebrows; a rainbow of promise, when benignant; and the bent bow of discord, when enraged; alike descriptive, in each case, of interior feeling

[“Unter der Stirn steht ihre schöne Grenze, die Augenbrane: ein Regenbogen des Friedes, wenn sie sanft ist, und der aufgespannte Bogen der Zwietract, wenn sie dem Himmel über sich Zorn und Wolken sendet.“ [Plastik, Herders Werke,Bd. 3, S.123:6-9 ]

“I know not any thing which can give more pleasure, to an accurate observer, than a distinct and perfectly arched eyebrow. — I know no aspect that presents to an enlightened Observer an object more attractive, than a fine angle, well marked, and which terminates gracefully between the forehead and the eye. [ “Ich weiß nicht, was für ein Wink dem Verständigen angenehmer, anziehender sein könne als hier ein scharfer, fester und doch sanfter Winkel zwischen Stirn und Auge.” [Plastik, Herders Werke,Bd. 3, S.123:19-21 ]

“The nose imports solidity and unity to the whole countenance. It is the mountain that shelters the fair vales beneath. How descriptive of mind and character are its various parts; the insertion, the ridge, the cartilage, the nostrils, through which life is inhaled!

The Nose combines, and gives a finishing to all the features of the face: it forms, as it were, a mountain of separation between two opposite valleys: — the root of the nose, its ridge, its point, its cartilage, the apertures through which it respires life– how many expressive signs of the understanding and character!

[“Die Nase gibt dem ganzen Gesicht Haltung, sie ist die Linie der Festigkeit und gleichsam das Scheidegebürge an Thälern zu beiden Seiten;.....Die Wurzel der Nase, ihr Rücken, ihre Spitze, ihr Knorpel, die Öffnungen, dadurch sie Leben atmet, wie bedeutend für Geist und Charakter!“ [Plastik, Herders Werke,Bd. 3, S.124:21-23; 29-30; 125: 1 ]

“The eyes, considered only as tangible objects, are by their form the windows of the [page 53] soul, the fountains of light and life. Mere feeling would discover, that their size and globular shape are not unmeaning. The eye-bone, whether gradually sunken, or boldly prominent, equally is worthy of attention: as likewise are the temples, whether hollow or smooth. That region of the face which includes the eyebrows, eye, and nose, also includes the chief signs of soul; that is, of will, or mind, in action.

The Eyes, to judge of them only by the touch, are from their form the windows of the soul, transparent globes, the sources of light and life. The sense of feeling simply, discovers that their form curiously rounded, their size, the opening of the eyelids, are not objects of indifference. It is not less essential to observe whether the bone of the eye advances considerably, or whether it fall off imperceptibly; whether the temples be hollowed into little caverns, or present a smooth surface. In general, that region of the face where the mutual relations between the eyebrows, the eyes, and the nose are collected, is the seat of the Soul’s expression in the countenance, that is, the expression of the will, and of the active life.

[“Die Augen betrachte ich hier nur tastbar als Gläser der Seele und Brunnen des Lichts und Lebens. Sie liegen zwischen Büschen eingefaßt und geschlossen; und eben das blinde Gefühl entdeckt’s schon, daß ihre schöngeschliffene Form nebst Schnitt und Größe nicht gleichgültig sei. Ebenso merkwürdig ist’s, wie sich unten der Augknoche starr bäume oder sanft verliere, und ob die Schläfen eingefallene Grabhöhlen oder zarte Ruhestätten sind, auf denen der Finger des Bluts und Lebens schlage. Überhaupt ist die gegen, wie Augenbrane, Nase und Auge sich verhält, die Gegend des Winks der Seele in unserm Gesicht, d. i. des Willens und praktischen Lebens.“ [Plastik, Herders Werke,Bd. 3, S.125: 4-14. ]

“The occult, the noble, the sublime, sense of hearing, has nature placed sideways, and half concealed. Man ought not to listen entirely from motives of complaisance to others, but of information to himself; and, however perfect this organ of sensation may be, it is devoid of ornament; or, delicacy, depth, and expansion, such are its ornaments

That noble, profound and occult sense, the hearing, Nature has placed on the sides of the head, where it is half concealed. Man ought to hear for himself: the ear is accordingly divested of ornament. Delicacy, completeness, profundity, these are its dress.

[ “Den edlen, tiefen, verborgenen Sinn des Gehörs hat die Nature seitwärts gesetzt und halb verborgen; der Mensch sollte nicht mit dem Antlitz für andre, sondern mit dem Ohre für sich hören. Auch blieb dieser Sinn, so wohlförmig er dasteht, ungeziert: Zartheit, Ausarbeitung und Tiefe ist seine Zierde;..... [Plastik, Herders Werke,Bd. 3, S.125: 15-19.[nb. Lavater omits Herder’s following sentence that jokes about Elephant ears or the long ears given to King Midas!]

“I now come to the inferiour part of the face, on which nature bestowed a mask for the male; and in my opinion, not without reason. Here are displayed those marks of sensuality which ought to be hidden. All know how much the upper lip betokens the sensations of taste, desire, appetite, and the enjoyments of love; how much it is curved by pride and anger, drawn thin by cunning, smoothed by[page 54] benevolence, made flaccid by effeminacy: how love and desire, sighs and kisses, cling to it, by indescribable traits. The under lip is little more than its supporter, the rosy cushion on which the crown of majesty reposes. If the parts of any two bodies can be pronounced to be exactly adapted to each other, such are the lips of man when the mouth is closed.

It is exceedingly necessary to observe the arrangement of the teeth, and the circular conformation of the cheeks.

I have now reached the lower part of the human countenance; which Nature, in males, surrounds with a cloud; and surely not without reason. Here are developed on the face the traits of sensuality, which it is proper to conceal in man. It is well known how much the upper lip characterizes the taste, the propensity, the appetite, the sentiment of love; that pride and anger bend it; that it is sharpened by cunning; that goodness rounds it; that intemperance enervates and debases it; that love and desire are attached to it by an attraction not to be expressed. The use of the under lip, is to serve as its support.— The human figure is no where more beautifully and correctly finished, than in the upper lip, at the place where it closes the mouth. It is, besides, of the greatest importance to observe the arrangement of the teeth, and the conformation of the cheeks.

[“Endlich komme ich zum Unterteil des Geschichts, den die Natur beim männlichen Geschlecht abermal mit einer Wolke umgab, und mich dünkt, nicht ohn’ Ursach’. Hier sind die Züge zur Notdurft oder (welches mit jenem eigentlich eins ist) die Buchstaben der Sinnlichkeit im Gesicht, die bei dem Manne bedeckt sein sollten. Jedermann weiß, wie viel die Oberlippe über Geschmack, Neigung, Lust= und Liebesart eines Menschen entscheide: wie diese der Stolz und Zorn krümme, die Feinheit spitze, die Gutmütigkeit runde, die schlaffe Üppigkeit welke, wie an ihr mit unbeschreiblichem Zuge Liebe und Verlangen, Kuß und Sehnen hange und die Unterlippe sie nur schließe und trage: ein Rosenkissen, auf dem die Krone der Herrschaft ruhet. Wenn man etwas artikuliert nennen kann, so it’s die Oberlippe eines Menschen, wo und wie sie den Mund schließt;.... Außerordentlich bedeutend ist’s bei einem Menschen, wie bei ihm die Zähne fallen, und wie sich seine Backe schließt....“ [Plastik, Herders Werke,Bd. 3, S.125: 27-31 & 126: 1-9; 12-13 ]

The chaste and delicate mouth is, perhaps, one of the first recommendations to be met with in the common intercourse of life. Words are the pictures of the mind. We judge of the host by the portal. He holds the flaggon of truth, of love, and endearing friendship.

A pure and delicate mouth is perhaps one of the strongest of recommendations; the beauty of the portal announces the dignity of the passenger, here, that illustrious passenger is the Voice, the interpreter of the heart and soul, the expression of truth, of friendship, and of all the tender sentiments and affections. The under lip begins already to from the chin, which is terminated by the jaw-bone, the

The chin is formed by the under lip, and the termination of the jaw-bones. If I may speak figuratively, it is the picture of sensuality, in man, according as it is more or less flexible, smooth, or carbuncled: it discovers what his rank is among his fellows. The chin forms the oval of the countenance; and when, as in the antique statues of the Greeks, it is neither pointed nor indented, but smooth, and gradually diminishes, it is then the key-stone[page 55] of the superstructure. A deformity in the chin is indeed much to be dreaded. [“Ein reiner, zarter Mund ist vielleicht die schönste Empfehlung des gemeinen Lebens; denn wie die Pforte, so glaubt man, sei auch der Gast, der heraustritt, das Wort des Herzens und der Seele....[...]...Hier ist der Kelch der Wahrheit, der Becher der Leibe und zartesten Freundschaft. Die Unterlippe fängt schon an, das Kinn zu bilden, und der Kinnknoche, der von beiden Seiten herabkommt, beschließt es. Es zeigt viel, wenn ich figürlich reden darf, von der Wurzel der Sinnlichkeit im Menschen, ob sie fest oder lose, rund oder schwammig sei, und mit welchen Füßen er gleichsam im Erdreich stehe. Da das Kinn die ganze Ellipse des Angesichts ründet, so ist’s, wenn es, wie bei den Griechen, nicht spitz, nicht gehöhlt, sondern ununterbrochen, ganz und leicht herabfließt, der echte Schlußstein des Gebäudes, und die Mißbildung an ihm ist fürchterlich anzuschauen.“ [Plastik, Herders Werke,Bd. 3, S.126:18-21;24-29 & 127: 1-6. ]

My quotation from this work is shorter than I intended, but further extracts will be made hereafter.



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[1] * This paragraph runs thus in the original text.—

'What hand can grasp that which dwells in the head, beneath the skull of man! what finger of flesh and blood, reach from the outward shell, the abyss of powers that repose or ferment within? The deity itself has covered this sacred mount, the Olympus or Lebanon of man with a grove, the usual shade of its mysteries, to be the abode, the laboratory of its most recluse energies. We tremble to think that orb circumscribed, in which a creation dwells, whence one flash that emerges from the chaos may adorn and irradiate, or desolate and crash a world.

[2] * I shall, probably, hereafter, make further use of this passage.

[3] ‡ Orig.—'These are the Cornua addita Pauperi, with which he either in happy listlessness thrusts at random and hits, or, like yon Indian idol, lifts the sunken code from the slime of the abyss.' The Latin words are taken from the 21st ode of Horace's 3d book. Horns were given to Bacchus by the antients, as they are here given to the will, as symbols of that resistance and enterprize which they inspire. The image is that of a ram which pushes, without considering his enemy; disguised into a ram, Brama lifted from the depths of the Ganges the sacred code, and communicated it to the Bramins.


Note 2

“Essays | On | Physiognomy, | Designed To Promote | The Knowledge And The Love Of Mankind. | By | John Caspar Lavater, | Citizen Of |Zurich, And Minister Of The Gospel. | Illustrated By More Than | Eight Hundred Engravings Accurately Copied; | And Some Duplicates Added From Originals. | Executed By, Or Under The Inspection Of, | Thomas Holloway. | Translated From The French | By | Henry Hunter, D. D. | Minister Of The Scots Church London-Wall. | [small ornamental line] | God created Man after his own Image. | [small ornamental line] | Volume I. | [Vignette] | London : Printed For John Murray, No. 32, Fleet-Street; H. Hunter, D. D. Charles’s- | Square; And T. Holloway, No. 11, Bache’s-Row, Hoxton. MDCC LXXXIX.” [‘1789-98’ i. e. 1788-99] [ IGS Priebsch Folios L LAV 4t PC ] [ 3 vols in 5. : illus., plates, ports ; 35 cm ][List of Subscribers, pp.[x], The English Translator’s Preface[dated Dec. 24, 1798, and signed: Henry Hunter], [ii],

[Note Issued in 41 parts, 1788-1799. Cf. New York. Public Library. The Arents collection of books in parts, New York,, 1957, p. 74. Inserted in v. 1 are "The English translator's preface" (dated Dec. 24, 1798, and signed: Henry Hunter) and an "Advertisement" by Henry Fuseli "The translation and engravings were under the superintendence of ... H. Fuseli ... The engravings were executed by Thos. Holloway, Bartolozzi, Wm. Blake, and other eminent artists." - Lowndes, The bibliographer's manual of Eng. Lit. According to the "Errata" (v. 3, p. [459]) "upwards of eight hundred" in the title is an error. "List of subscribers": v. 3, p. [447-456] Translated from v. 1-3 of the French edition of Physiognomische Fragmente printed at The Hague in 1781-87. "The posthumous 4th vol. (1803) of the French ed. was never translated." - Bibliotheca Osleriana ]

[Fuseli, Henry, (1741-1825) ;Holloway, Thomas, (1748-1827);Hunter, Henry, (1741-1802); “Democritus”Rubens delin…Blake sculp. [p.158]; T. Caldwall; D. Chodowiecki: Berlin copies of….John Hall; T. Trotter; Willm

Sharp[“C. Heidegger »]

[Fragment Seventh. Authorities. p.57.]

„Of all the Authors I am acquainted with, who have either occasionally mentioned physiognomy, or expressly treated the subject, no one appears to me so profound and so just, so sublime and yet so accurate, as HERDER.

The passages from his work entitled Plastics*, which I wished to introduce in this place, but of which I can only present an abridgment, may be considered as Authorities, which, in some measure, absorb all those which I have hitherto produced: —they form of themselves a compend of Physiognomy; they are the summary and substance of the Science. I regret exceedingly that it was not in any power to insert them in the German Edition of my Book, and scarcely dare I [page 58] presume to intreat the reader to satisfy himself with an imperfect translation of what almost defies all power of translation.— But, inferior as they must be to the Original, they cannot fail to appear important and instructive.

* De la Plastique: Observations upon the Form and Figure: taken from Pygmalion’s Dream. τι καλλος ; ερωημα τυφλ8 Riga, Hartknoch, 1778.



15

HERDER

What hand can seize that substance laid up in the head and contained in the skull of Man? What organ of flesh and blood is able to sound that abyss of faculties, of internal powers, which there ferment or repose? The Deity himself has taken care to cover that sacred summit, the abode and work-shop of the most secret operations– the Deity, I say, has covered it with a forest*[* The Hair.], emblem of those hallowed groves in which the sacred mysteries were celebrated in antient times. The mind is struck with a religious horror at the idea of that shaded mountain, where the Lightning resides, a single flash of which bursting from the chaos, is sufficient to illuminate, to embellish, — or to waste and destroy a World.

What powerful expression in the very external covering of this Olympus; its natural growth, the manner in which the locks are arranged, fall down, part or intermingle!

The neck, on which the head is supported, discovers, not that which is in the interior of Man, but that which he wishes to express. It makes either firmness and liberty, or softness and sweet flexibility. Sometimes its noble and easy attitude announces the dignity of condition; sometimes, bending downward, it expresses the resignation of the Martyr, and sometimes it is a column emblematical of the strength of Hercules. Nay, its very deformities, its sinking between the shoulders, are characteristic signs, full of truth and expression.

[page 59]Let us pass on to the human face, the picture of the soul, the image of the Divinity.

The forehead is the seat of serenity, of joy, of gloomy discontent, of anguish, of stupidity, of ignorance, and of malignity. It is a table of brass, on which all the thoughts are engraved in characters of fire.— I cannot comprehend how a forehead can ever appear an object of indifference.

At its lower extremity, the Understanding seems blended with the will. Here the Soul seems to concentrate its powers to prepare for resistance.

Below the forehead stands that beautiful frontier the eyebrow, in its mildness, the rainbow of peace; the bended bow of discord, when it expresses rage: thus, in either case, it is the announcing sign of the affections.— I know no aspect that presents to an enlightened Observer an object more attractive, than a fine angle, well marked, and which terminates gracefully between the forehead and the eye.

The Nose combines, and gives a finishing to all the features of the face: it forms, as it were, a mountain of separation between two opposite valleys: — the root of the nose, its ridge, its point, its cartilage, the apertures through which it respires life– how many expressive signs of the understanding and character!

The Eyes, to judge of them only by the touch, are from their form the windows of the soul, transparent globes, the sources of light and life. The sense of feeling simply, discovers that their form curiously rounded, their size, the opening of the eyelids, are not objects of indifference. It is not less essential to observe whether the bone of the eye advances considerably, or whether it fall off imperceptibly; whether the temples be hollowed into little caverns, or present a smooth surface.

[page 60]In general, that region of the face where the mutual relations between the eyebrows, the eyes, and the nose are collected, is the seat of the Soul’s expression in the countenance, that is, the expression of the will, and of the active life.

That noble, profound and occult sense, the hearing, Nature has placed on the sides of the head, where it is half concealed. Man ought to hear for himself: the ear is accordingly divested of ornament. Delicacy, completeness, profundity, these are its dress.

I have now reached the lower part of the human countenance; which Nature, in males, surrounds with a cloud; and surely not without reason. Here are developed on the face the traits of sensuality, which it is proper to conceal in man. It is well known how much the upper lip characterizes the taste, the propensity, the appetite, the sentiment of love; that pride and anger bend it; that it is sharpened by cunning; that goodness rounds it; that intemperance enervates and debases it; that love and desire are attached to it by an attraction not to be expressed. The use of the under lip, is to serve as its support. ——The human figure is no where more beautifully and correctly finished, than in the upper lip, at the place where it closes the mouth. It is, besides, of the greatest importance to observe the arrangement of the teeth, and the conformation of the cheeks. A pure and delicate mouth is perhaps one of the strongest of recommendations; the beauty of the portal announces the dignity of the passenger; here, that illustrious passenger is the Voice, the interpreter of the heart and soul, the expression of truth, of friendship, and of all the tender sentiments and affections.

The under lip begins already to from the chin, which is terminated by the jaw-bone, descending on both sides. — As it rounds off the whole ellipse of the face, it may be considered as the true key-stone which completes the arch of the Edifice. In order to correspond [page 61] to the beautiful proportion of the Grecian Architecture, it ought to be neither pointed nor hollow, but smooth, and the fall must be gentle and insensible. Its deformity is hideous.

I have not extracted all that I proposed. Several passages absolutely defy all powers of translation; others shall have a place in the sequel of this Work.

_______________________________________________________________________

Note 3

Moore, Charles[Not in CDNB]

“Essays | on | Physiognomy; | calculated to extend | The Knowledge and the Love of Mankind. | Written by | The Rev. John Caspar Lavater, | Citizen of Zurich. | Translated from the last Paris Edition. | By the Rev. C. Moore, L.L.D. F.R.S. | illustrated by | Several Hundred Engravings, | accurately | Copied from the Originals. | [small vignette] | Volume 1. | [small line] | London: | Sold by H. D. Symonds, No. 20. Paternoster Row. | 1797.”[BL.: 1509/1034.][pp.[3]-243.][ornamental tool flourishes at the beginning and end of each line on titlepage ][engraved plate facing tp., ‘A Boy and Girl with Candle and Moth’Barlow sculp.] [Authorities from whence the Positions in these Lectures are taken; or, Fundamental Truths, by Various Authors, upon the Subject of Physiognomies and Physionomy[sic] ]


XXI. HERDER* *. Mr. Lavater in this place regrets that it was not in his power to insert this authority in the German Edition of his Work, as his Book was published first before Herder’s Observations had reached Switzerland.What daring hand can seize that substance laid up in the head, and contained in the scull? What organ of flesh and blood[page 53] is able to s[f]ound that abyss of faculties, of internal powers, which there ferment in repose? The Deity himself has taken care to cover that sacred summit, the abode and laboratory of the most secret operations with a forest*[* The Hair.], emblem of those hallowed groves in which the sacred mysteries were celebrated in ancient times. The mind is struck with a religious horror at the idea of that shaded mountain, where lightning resides, a single flash of which, bursting from its given boundaries, is sufficient to illuminate, to embellish, or to waste and disfigure the whole creation itself.What powerful expression in the very external covering of this Olympus, its natural growth, the manner in which the locks are arranged as they fall down, part, or intermingle![se partage ou s’entremêle?]The neck, on which the head is supported, discovers, not that which is in the interior of man, but that which he wishes to express. It marks either firmness and liberty, or softness and sweet flexibility[Il désigne la fermeté & la liberté, ou bien la mollesse & la douce flexibilité]. Sometimes its noble and easy attitude announces the dignity of condition; sometimes, bending downwards, it expresses the resignation of the martyr; and at other times elevating, it is a column emblematical of the strength of Hercules. Even its very deformities, are characteristic signs full of truth and expression. However flightingly we may estimate the general appearance of man, his face is the picture of the soul[tableau de l’ame], the image of the Divinity. His forehead is the seat of serenity, of joy, of gloomy discontent, of anguish, of stupidity, of ignorance, and of malignity. It is a tablet on which all the thoughts are pourtrayed in living characters.[Le front est le siège de la sérénité, de la joie, du noir chagrin, de l’angoisse, de la stupidité, de l’ignorance, & de la méchanceté. C’est une table d’airain où tous les sentimens se gravent en caractères de feu.— ] I cannot comprehend how a forehead can ever appear an object of indifference. At its lowest extremity, the understanding[l’entendement] seems blended with the will[la volonté]. Here the Soul seems to concentrate its powers to prepare for resistance.[C’est ici où l’ame se concentre & rassemble des forces pourse préparer a la résistance(p.59)] Below the forehead stands that beautifully expressive feature the eye-brow, in mildness representing the rainbow of peace; the bended bow of hostility and discord when it expresses rage: thus it is either the benevolent and gracefully announcing sign of the affections, or the threatening herald of resentment and revenge [page 54]Perhaps there is no aspect in nature that presents to an enlightened observer[l’Observateur éclairé] an object more attractive than a fine angle well marked, which terminates gracefully between the forehead and the eye.The nose combines, and gives a finishing to all the features of the face; its shape determines as it were the boldness or backwardness of the individual character; situated to form a separation between the prominences of the cheeks; it is the most conspicuous line in the human face; its ridge, its point, its termination, direction, the apertures through which it respires life! How many expressive signs of the understanding and character!The eyes, to judge of them only by the appearance, are, from their form, the windows of the soul, transparent globes[des globes diaphanes], the sources of light and life. The sense of feeling[tact] simply discovers that their form, manner, and matter of consistence are not objects of indifference. It is not less essential to observe, whether the bone of the eye advances considerably, or whether it falls off imperceptibly; whether the temples are hollowed into little round caverns, or present a smooth surface. In general, that region of the face where the mutual relations between the eye-brows, the eyes, and the nose are collected, is seat of the soul’s expression in the countenance, that is, the expression of the will and of the active life[de la vie active].That noble, profound and occult sense, the hearing, nature wisely placed on the sides of the head, where it is half concealed. Man ought to hear for himself: the ear is accordingly divested of ornament. Delicacy, completeness, profundity, and modest retirement, are its dress and concomitant qualities[La délicatesse, le fini, la profondeur, voilà sa parure]. We now reach the lower part of the human countenance; which nature, in males, surrounds with a cloud, and surely not without reason. Here are developed on the face the traits of sensuality, which it is proper to conceal in man. The upper lip is the certain characteristic of taste; from it we discern the propensities, the appetites; discover the sentiments of love, approbation, resentment, and contempt. We behold anger bend it; we see it [page 55] sharpened by cunning; goodness we find round it; intemperance enervates it; passion debases it; and love and desire are attached to it by an attraction not to be expressed. The use of the under-lip is to serve as its support; and, when mutually joined, form the most graceful angle under the eye-brows. The human figure is no where more beautifully and correctly finished, than in the upper-lip, at the place where it closes the mouth. It is, besides, of the greatest importance to observe the arrangement of the teeth, and the conformation of the cheeks. A pure and delicate mouth is perhaps one of the strongest of recommendations to gentility; the beauty of the portal announces the dignity of the tenant[Une bouche delicate & pure, est peut-être une des plus belle recommendations; la beauté du portail annonce la dignité de celui qui doit y passer;]; here that illustrious tenant is the voice, the interpreter of the heart and soul, the expression of truth, of friendship, and of all the tender sentiments and affections. The under-lip may be considered next as beginning to form the chin, which is terminated by the jaw-bone, descending on both sides. As it rounds off the whole ellipse of the face, it may be considered as the true key-stone which completes the arch of the edifice. In order to correspond to the beautiful proportion of the Grecian architecture, it ought neither to be pointed nor hollow, but smooth, and the fall must be gentle and insensible. Its deformity is hideous.*
*Mr. Lavater in this place observes, that he has not extracted all that he proposed. Several passages, he says, absolutely defy, by their beautiful figurativeness, all power of translation; others shall have a place in the sequel of this work. [Je n’ai point extrait tout ce que je m’étois propose d’extraire. Plusieurs morceaux sont absolument intraduisibles ; d’autres retrouveront leur place dans la suite de cet Ouvrage,(p.61)]

Johann Peter Bamberger (1722-1804)

Johann Peter Bamberger (1722-1804)


German theologian, translator and editor of the 'British Theological Library'[BTB], 'British Theological Magazine' [BTM] and 'The British Theologian'[TBT]; the following biographical extract is from the most recent DBE:

'war zunächst Prediger einer reformierten Gemeinde in Berlin, später Kirchenrat und Pastor an der Dreifaltigkeitskirche in Berlin-Friedrichstadt, 1780-99 lebte er als Hofprediger, Kirchenrat und Garnisonprediger in Potsdam und führte daneben die Aufsicht über das dortige Waisen-und Predigerwitwenhaus. Bamberger übersetzte zahlreiche, meist theologische Schriften aus dem Englischen (u.a. Brittische Theologische Bibliothek, 2 Bde., 1774/75) und veröffentlichte Predigten (Predigten von protestantischen Gottesgelehrten, 6. Sammlungen, 1771-76.'[Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie, hrsg. v. Walther Killy, etc., K. G. Saur Verlag, München. Lizenzausgabe für die WBG. 10 Bände, 1995-2000. ] Although this is based upon Döring, it's not very informative, and one would have thought the fact that he was the personal tutor & court preacher (Hofprediger) of the Prussian king, Wilhelm III, would have been worth a mention; in actual fact Doering[1] has listed some 23 items in his bibliography.

[Johann Peter Bamberger, Bd. 1, 1831, pp.41-43.]

I think that it's fair to say he is a 'minor' German theologian, it seems to me that he is by no means a 'minor' translator[2], he has obviously translated some important British theologians, most notably four works of George Benson's; Des Vouex, Hugh Farmer, Hoadly, Lowth and Richard Watson. Doering remarks: "Daß er für die englische Literatur überhaupt ein bleibendes Interesse behielt, beweis er auch durch Uebertragungen mehrerer Werke, die nicht dem Gebiet der Theologie angehörten."[3] and he names Adam Anderson, John Entick, & Vicesimus Knox(1752-1821) although Knox was ordained in 1777. Above and beyond the testimony of his English translations it would be extremely interesting to discover the breadth of his reading, although I have not yet been able to consult the following work:

„Verzeichniss der Bücher-Sammlung des verstorbenen Königlichen HofpredigersHerrn Bamberger : welche am 7ten Januar 1805 Nachmittags um 2 Uhr und folgende Tage in Potsdam öffentlich versteigert werden soll. Potsdam, 1804.“[TUUB 21 Ke XXIV 150] [pp.62.]



Bibliography of Johann Peter Bamberger's English works

I have attempted to list here a small bibliography of works translated or edited by Bamberger; it's by no means complete, but I started to do it with the intention of understanding him better[4]

„Predigten. Dessau ; Leipzig: Buchh. d. Gelehrten, 1784.“ [pp.330.],

“ Predigten. Von Johann Peter Bamberger ....Neue unveränderte Auflage. Leipzig : Gräffe, 1794.”[UB Halle] and most importantly placing the works within the context of Herder's own reception, especially those he personally had in his library which are signified by 'B[ibliothea]H[erderiana] and the corresponding number. Herder does mention Bamberger as the translator of Benson in the following passage:

"Hat's Deutschland genützt oder geschadet, dass Spalding, Felix Hess, Sack, Bamberger u.a. uns mit Foster und Shaftesbury, Buttler und Law, Benson und Locke bekannt gemacht haben? Zuerst schrie alles: Naturalismus! Deismus! Arianer! Socianer! Das Christenthum geht unter, wenn den Übersetzern nicht mit Gewalt gesteuert wird! Der Erfolg hat anders gewiesen."[SWS, XI, 205.]

1) Benjamin Hoadly

Following the publication in 1735 a theological debate emerged in the same year with Richard Briscoe publishing his 'Remarks'; Gough, Strickland, Rector of Swafield, also entered into the fray; other figures followed, namely, Thomas Phillips and Conyers Place, I would expect that in Sack's preface some historical account is given?

'Deutlicher Unterricht von der Natur und dem Zweck des heiligen Nachtmahls. Aus dem Englischen von Johann Peter Bamberger,..Mit einer Vorrede.... Herrn August Friedrich Wilhelm Sacks, Berlin und Potsdam, Voss, 1758.'

[GGA, 1758, pp.1070-1072.]

'A Plain Account of the Nature and End of the Sacrament of the Lords Supper ...To which are added, Forms of Prayer. London, 1735.'[BL.: 1113. k. 2.][8o]

2) Robert Lowth

'Predigt über Matthew 6, 10:[Doering has '4, 10.'] Dein Reich komme: gehalten in Durham den 27. Juli 1758. Robertus Lowth. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von J. P. Bamberger. Berlin, 1759.' [pp.16.],[8°]

'A Sermon [on Matthew VI.10.] preached at the visitation of Richard, Bishop of Durham, etc.. London, 1758.'[BL.: 694. d. 7.(4.)][4o][i.e. Trevor, Richard, successively Bishop of Saint David's and of Durham]

3) George Benson

'D. George Bensons Paraphrastische Erklärung und Anmerkungen über einige Bücher des Neuen Testaments. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt, und mit einer Nachricht von dem Leben und Schrifften des Verfassers vermehret von Johann Peter Bamberger,...Nebst einer Vorrede Herrn August Friedrich Wilhelm Sacks,...Leipzig: in der Weidmannischen Buchhandlung, 1761.'[5]

'A paraphrase and notes on six of the Epistles of St. Paul' and 'A Paraphrase and notes on the seven commonly called Catholick Epistles'

[The theologian Ernesti thought very highly of Benson and in a review of Bamberger's translation said:

"Herr Benson, ein Nachahmer Locks in der paraphrastischen Erklärungsart, ist den Gelehrten durch die lateinische Uebersetzung des Hrn. Prof. Michaelis, von der paraphrastischen Erklärung der Epistel Jacobi, bekannt genug..."[S.791.]

Ernesti praises Benson's style, its "Bescheidenheit" he says, is "lobenswürdig"[S.792.];"Man sieht allenthaben, daß der Hr. Verf. in den zu einer solchen Arbeit nöthigen Wissenschaften erfahren ist, u. ohne gehörige Untersuchung niemand zu folgen ist."[S.792.][6]

4) a few years later Bamberger translated Benson's 'The Reasonableness of the Christian Religion, etc. London, 1743.'

its full title '...Being an answer to a late treatise, intitled Christianity not founded on argument, London, 1763[BL.: 1609/ 2172. (1.)][pp.xviii, 276; 8o][i.e. 'treatise' by Henry Dodwell, the younger][2nd ed., 1746; 3rd ed., 1759.]

"Vernunftmässigkeit der christlichen Religion nach der Lehre der Schrift; aus dem Englischen, Halle[Curt], übers.. v. Johann Peter Bamberger, 1760,1763."[pp.xiv, 440.] [According to [Price, 1955, p.23] this also contains a translation of some Sermons]

5) As well as the 'History of the first planting of Christianity, taken from the Acts of the Apostles and their Epistles, 2. vols. 1735.'[7] in German entitled 'Geschichte der ersten Pflanzung der christlichen Religion, wie sie in der Geschichte der Apostel und in ihren Briefen enthalten ist : nebst einer Erzählung der merkwürdigsten Begebenheiten der jüdischen & römischen Geschichte, so fern dieselbe die Christen dieses Zeitlaufs betreffen George Benson. Aus dem Engl. übers. von Johann Peter Bamberger. Halle : Curt, 1768.'[pp.XXVIII, 304.]

6) and 'Collection of Tracts, 1748.' According to [Price, 1955, p.23] the following work is an 'extract':

'D. George Bensons Abhandlungen und Betrachtungen über einiger wichtige Wahrheiten der Religion. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Joh. Peter Bamberger. Halle (Laue in Berlin),1763.' [Halle,Joh. Jacob Curts, 1763];pp.[iv], 398.][Doering has 1768.]

7) We also find in one of the journals [BTM, Bd. 1, St. 2, 1769, III., IV., V. pp.50-104.] three translations taken from Benson's 'Geschichte des Leben Jesus', including one from Edmund Law.[see Appendix I.]

8) Bamberger also translated a work on Old Testament exegesis by the Anglo-French theologian, Des Voeux [des-Voeux, Desvoeux] A.V.[Antoine Vinchon ]; 'Chaplain to his Majesty's Regiment of Carabineers'; and a preacher in Dublin.

Bamberger himself found very little biographical information at his disposal: "Was die Lebensumstände des Verfassers anlangt, so sind mir wenig davon bekannt. Aus J. Lelands Abriß der vornehmsten deistischen Schriften [i.e.Thl.2, S.154.] sehe ich, daß Herr Desvoeux, der daselbst ein sehr sinnreicher und scharfsinniger Schriftsteller genennt wird, unter den Jansenisten in Frankreich erzogen worden, und sich damals, als die Vorgegebenen Wunder des Abts Paris das meiste Aufsehen machten, von ihnen abgesondert habe. Er scheint hierauf Frankreich verlassen, sich nach England oder Irrland begeben, und sich daselbst zur protestantischen Religion gewendet zu haben. Seine ersten Schriften, von welchen ich Nachricht finde, sind seine Defense de la Religion reformée, 1735, seine Lettres sur les Miracles, 1735, und seine Critique generale du Livre du Montgeron, 1741."[Cf. Haag & entry in Bamberger's trans. of Nicholls] It was another work in Herder's library, and we know that he was reading it in September 1767[8]

"A Philosophical and Critical Essay on Ecclesiastes. Wherein the author's design is stated; his doctrine vindicated; his method explained in an analytical paraphrase annexed to a new version of the text from the Hebrew; and the differences between that new translation and the received version accounted for in philological observations. By A. V. Desvoeux. London: G. Hawkins, 1760."[BL.: 5. a. 10.][pp.xvi, 571.][4o]

[BH: 316. Desvoeux Versuch über den Prediger Salomo, übers. von Bamberger, Halle 1764. h. Frzb.]

"A. V. Desvouex Feldpredigers bey dem Königl. Carabinier Regimente Philosophischer und kritischer Versuch über den Prediger Salomo, worinnen die Absicht des Verfassers dieses Buchs vorgestellet, seine Lehre vertheidigt und die Lehrart desselben erklärt wird, in einer Analytischen, mit einer neuen Uebersetzung des Grundtextes verbundenen Paraphrase, und philologischen Anmerkungen in 3 Büchern, worinnen die Abweichungen dieser neuen Uebersetzung von der gewöhnlichen angezeiget werden. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Johann Peter Bamberger, Prediger in Berlin. Halle, Druck und Verlag Johann Jacob Curts, 1764."[ZB: FF 112.][pp.548.][ 3. Alphab. in 4. ][9]

[ It would appear that Bamberger found his English a little difficult to translate: "Ich habe mir zwar alle Mühe gegeben, den Sinn meines Schriftstellers überall so deutlich, als möglich, auszudrücken, doch kan ich nicht leugnen, daß er mir zuweilen dunkel vorgekommen, und daß ich in manchen Stellen seine Meinung aus dem Zusammenhang habe errathen müssen....Vermuthlich rühret diese Dunkelheit zum Theil davon her, daß der Verfasser sein Buch in einer Sprache aufgesetzt, die er erst in seinem 24. Jahre zu erlernen angefangen hat." ]

9) he also translated Hugh Farmers, 'A Dissertation on Miracles, designed to shew, that they are Arguments of a divine Interposition, and absolute Proofs of the Mission and Doctrine of a Prophet. By Hugh Farmer, 8. 6S. Cadell 1771.'[ BL.: 225. c. 18.][ There was a new edition, &c. Edinburgh, 1798 ] [ BL.: 4226. cc. 17.] and 'An Essay on the Demoniacs of the New Testament. London, 1775.'

'Versuch | über die | dämonische Leute, | oder | sogenannte Besessenen | deren | im Neuen Testamente gedacht wird; | von | Hugo Farmer. | [double line] | Aus dem Englischen übersetzt | von | Johann Peter Bamberger | Königlich Preussischen Kirchenrath. | [line] | [motto] | [Vignette] | [ornamental line] | Berlin, | Bey Georg Jacob Decker,1776.'[BL.: 4377. e. 15.][Vorbericht des Uebersezzers,pp.[ii], Inhalt, [xii], [1]- 343.][motto: 'Videndum est, ut- fobrie sapiamus ex verbo | Dei, ne pro veritate aniles fabulas substituamus. Beza.']

'Hugo Farmers | Abhandlung | über | die Wunderwerke, | als Beweise einer göttlichen Vermittlung, wie | auch der Gottlichkeit der Sendung und Lehre | eines Propheten. | [line] | Glaubet um der Werke willen. Jos. 14, 11. | [line] | Aus dem Englischen übersetzt | von | Johann Peter Bamberger | Königlich Preussischem Kirchenrath. | [Vignette] | [ornamental line] | Berlin, | bey Georg Jacob Decker,1777.' [BL.: 700. f. 31.][Vorrede des Verfassers, pp.[iii]-xii, Inhalt des ganzen Werks, [xiii]-xxx, [i], [1]- 487.]

10) I also know that he translated the Scottish historian of commerce, Adam Anderson(1692?-1765)

[BH: 3733-38. Andersons Geschichte des Handels 1-6. Thl., Riga, 1773.]

[BH: 3740. A. Andersons Geschichte des Handels. 5.6. Thl. Riga, 1777.ungeb.]

'An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce from the earliest accounts to the present time, containing an History of the great Commercial Interests of the British Empire,&c.2 vols.1764.'[10] It was a work that he must have continued translating as he was editing both the BTM and BTB, and that he continued to do so after both had ceased, i.e. from 1773- 1779[11]

11) Richard Watson, bishop of Llandaff (1737-1816)

i.e. the same figure who entered into a polemic with Thomas Paine's 'Age of Reason' and Edward Gibbon; David William's entered into the fray.

'Anrede an die heutigen Freunde des Christenthums a. d. E. von Bamberger. Berlin, Stahlbaum, 1779.'

„Des Herrn R. Watsons Anrede an die heutigen Feinde des Christenthums. Aus dem Englischen übers. von Johann Peter Bamberger. Berlin : Stahlbaum, 1779.“[Halle/Saale, Franckesche Stiftungen Hauptbibliothek]

'Anrede an die heutigen Feinde des Alterthums. Berlin, 1779. [8o][I'm not sure why Doering has misprinted this?]

'An Apology for Christianity in a series of Letters addressed to Edward Gibbon, Esq., author of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Cambridge,1776.'[BL.: 4014. c. 75.][12o][with reference to the 15th & 16th chapters]

'Apology for the Bible, in a series of Letters addressed to T. Paine, Author of the Age of Reason, Part the Second, being an investigation of true and fabulous theology. London,1796''[BL.: 4015. aa. 50.][12o]

'Apologie der Bibel gegen Thomas Paine, namentlich gegen sein 'Zeitalter der Vernunft' a. d. E. von J. F. Lehzen. Hannover, Hahn, 1798.'

12) Herder also mentions Bamberger's translation of the 'Essays Moral and Literary,1778' by the celebrated master of Tunbridge School, Vicesimus Knox, (1752-1821),

[BH: 6809 Knox moral. und literar. Versuche. 1.2. Thl. Berlin 1781 . ]

a) Knox. Versuche Th.1. Versuch 12. s.61 der Uebersetzung von Bamberger, Berlin 1781." [ Adrastea Bd. V, 1803 (Bemühungen des vergangnen Jahrhunderts in der Kritik) ][SWS, XXIV, 188.]

"Des Herrn Vicesimus Knox Moralische und Litterarische Versuche. Erster Theil. nach der zweyten verbesserten und vermehrten Ausgabe aus dem Englischen übersetzt von J. P. Bamberger, Königl. Preußischen Kirchenrath und Hofprediger. Berlin, 1781. Im Verlag der Buchhandlung der Real=Schule." [KB.: 172III. 116.]

13) A further work Bamberger translated was by Entick, John (1703?-1773)[12]

„Der gegenwärtige Zustand des brittischen Reichs / beschrieben von Johann Entick und einigen anderen Gelehrten. Aus dem Engl. übers. von Johann Peter Bamberger. Berlin : Real-Schul Buchhandlung, 1778-1781.“[Jena, Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek][Wolfenbüttel, Herzog-August-Bibliothek]

"The present state of the British empire : containing a description of the kingdoms, principalities, islands, colonies, conquests, and of the military and commercial establishments, under the British crown, in Europe, Asia, Africa and America by the late Rev. John Entick ... and other gentlemen ; illustrated with maps of the several kingdoms, provinces, islands, settlements, &c. thereunto belonging ; engraved from the best authorities, by T. Kitchen, &c. London : Printed for B. Law [and 5 others],1774-1775." [BL.: 291. h. 5-8.][8o][the 'other Gentleman' are not given in the BL catalogue ][Vol. 1 dated 1775; vol. 2-4 dated 1774]

14) a later work was also a translation of John Nichols(1745-1826), printer & author, joined David Henry in the management of the 'Gentleman's Magazine,' 1778, for which he was solely responsible from 1792-1826....the 'Biographical Dictionary,'[1767?]1784, etc.[CDNB, p.945; vol. xli, 2.] in short, a celebrated biographical work :

'Biographische und litterarische | Anekdoten | von den | berühmtesten | grosbrittannischen Gelehrten | des | achtzehnten Jahrhunderts; | aus dem | Englischen ausgearbeitet, | und | mit Zusätzen vermehrt | von | J. P. Bamberger, | Königl. Preuß. Kirchenrath und Hofprediger. | [line] | Erster Band. | [two lines, one thick one thin] | Berlin, 1786. | bei Johann Friedrich Unger.'[BL.: 1202. h. 14.][Namenverzeichnis, pp.v-viii, 1- 488.][Zweiter Band, Berlin,1787; pp.[3]-476, Namenverzeichnis, 477-479.]

This work was chiefly based on:

'Biographical and literary Anecdotes of William Bowyer, Printer, F.S.A. and of many of his learned Friends; containing an incidental View of the Progess and Advancement of Literature in this Kingdom, from the End of the present century to the End of the Year 1777. By John Nichols, his Apprentice, Partner and Successor. 1782.'

Although Bamberger was a little disappointed in the limited selection and decided to undertake a second, possibly third volume in which he would add to it:

"Indessen wird man doch finden, daß von sehr vielen brittischen Gelehrten dieses Jahrhunderts, die durch ihre Schriften di Aufmerksamkeit der Deutschen auf sich gezogen haben, gar keine Erwähung geschehen ist. Ich habe mir also vorgenommen, diesen Mangel zu ersetzen, und in einem zweiten, auch vielleicht dritten Bande, die wichtigsten Lebensumstände und Verdienste solcher brittischen Gelehrten des gegenwärtigen Jahrhunderts, die vom Herrn Nichols übergangen sind, aus zuverlässigen Quellen zu sammlen."[Potsdam, den 12ten August 1785, S.iv.]

"Die Hauptquellen, aus welchen ich schöpfen werde, sind die brittische Biographie; Chauffepieds Supplemente zum Bayle; Nicerons Nachrichten von berühmten Gelehrten; Göttens, Rathleffs und Strodtmanns gelehrtes Europa, etc.'[S.iv.]

"Ausser der Bekanntschaft mit den angesehensten brittischen Gelehrten, die ich, durch diese meine Arbeit, deutschen Lesern verschaffe, hoffe ich auch dadurch den Zweck zu erreichen, daß sie den Wachstum und die Fortschritte der Wissenschaften in Grosbrittannien in dem Zeitraum des gegenwärtigen Jahrhunderts mit einem Blick übersehen können. Kann ich aber diesen Zweck erreichen, so glaube ich, nicht vergeblich gearbeitet zu haben."[S.iv.]

It's not by chance that the first biography we encounter in Vol. 2 is that of 'Arthur Ashley Sykes', pp.[3]-31; however, this biography is chiefly based on Johann Disney's 'Memoirs of the Life and Writings of A. A. Sykes, Lond. 1785.'



15) It would appear that along with F. Schutz & Mursinna, he also edited Barths 'Allgemeine Theologische Bibliothek'.[13]



16) Bamberger thought it appropriate to repeat a few lines that were originally said of Thomas Abbt to describe Gellert: "sie haben dem Geschmack der deutschen Nation eine neue Hülfe gegeben."It consists of some 29 letters many to Ernst Samuel Jacob Borchward.

'Nachtrag | zu | C. F. Gellerts | Freundschaftlichen Briefen, | herausgegeben | von | J. P. Bamberger | Kön. Pr. Kirchenrath. | [small ornamental line] | Zweyte Auflage. | [line] | Berlin, 1781. | bey Christian Ludewig Stahlbaum.'[BL.: 10920. b. 28.(1.)][Vorrede des Herausgebers, pp.[3]-8, [9]-76.][16.9 x 10.2 cm.]

I was very excited to find in Doering's bibliography that Bamberger translated the following work by Alexander Gerard. It strikes me as strange given that it was originally published in 1760- a distance of some 27 years. Also, what I find most peculiar is that this very same moment in Hume's thought resulted in a critical response from the German theologian J. J. Spalding in his 'Ueber die Nutzbarkeit des Predigtamtes u. deren Beförderung, Berlin 1772', and subsequently from Herder in his 'An Prediger. Fünfzehn Provincial Blätter, Leipzig, 1774'. By a strange coincidence I have already attempted to write a paper which looks at this[14]; I have yet to consult Bamberger's translation, but I'm very curious to find out if in his preface, there is anything about the feud between Spalding and Herder.



17) "Rechtfertigung des Predigerstandes gegen die Beschuldigungen des beruhmten David Hume, vom D. Alexander Gerrard ... aus dem Englischen ubersetzt, von J.P. Bamberger ..[etc.]Kustrin : bei Ferdinand Oehmigcke, 1787." [Leeds][pp.[6],176.][8o]

"The influence of the Pastoral Office on the Character | examined; with a view, especially, to Mr. Hume's | representation of the spirit of that office. | [line] | A | Sermon | Preached before | The Synod of Aberdeen, | Aberdeen, | At Aberdeen, April 18. 1760. | [line] | By | Alex Gerard, M. A. | Professor of Divinity in the Marischal College. | [line] | Published by desire of the Synod. | [line] | Aberdeen: | Printed by J. Challmers; and sold by And. Millar in | the Strand, London; A. Kincaid and J. Bell in Edin= | burgh; and A. Thomson in Aberdeen. 1760. | (Price One Shilling)."[BL.: 693. d. 15.(4.)][pp.[1]-75.][12o][19.7 x 12. 4cm.] [ i.e. in Hume's essay 'Of National Characters'; the sermon is on Tit. i. 7 ][ 2nd ed., 1762 ]



The three British theological journals

In the first volume of the BTB it was promised that it would contain translations of the best English theological treatises concerning the most important matters; as well as biographies & bibliographies of the most famous English divines and freethinkers; and at the end of each volume selected news & reviews of the current state of theological literature in England'.[15] I have not given analytical descriptions of these sections as it would be too complex, I have, however noted some aspects and only the extensive book reviews. All of this minor information and corresponding names are not included in the Name Index, only the names of those who appear or are mentioned in the substantive texts and articles are given there. My primary purpose was to scan the journal from the point of view of Herder's library and to bear in mind other works he possessed of some of the English authors mentioned, or of authors that appear in his collected works, correspondence and Nachlaß. A good example would have been the entry on Laurence Sterne's 'sermons' [BTM, 1771, Bd. 2, 4St. ]

In the last volume of the [ BTB, Bd.2, 1775], we read on page 563 of the news that the 'Weygandsche Buchhandlung' in Leipzig had decided from January 1775 to undertake a German translation of the 'Monthly Review', as well as the 'Critical Review', combined in the form of the 'Englische Allgemeine Bibliothek'; Bamberger considered it unnecessary to continue as it would have entailed much duplication, insofar as many of the articles in the BTB were, ultimately, taken from the same sources. At the moment I'm not familiar with the EAB, so its difficult to judge.

However, the journals quoted from in the BTM & BTB were very various including: 'The Weekly Oracle, or universal library'; Universal Magazine', Gentleman's Magazine, 'Memoires litteraires de la Grande Bretagne', Philosophical Transactions', 'Weekly Amusement', 'The Annual Register', The Annual Review, or a View of the history and Politik & Literature,etc', 'Biographia Brittannica', 'Biographical Dictionary', 'Londoner=Magazine,April,1772.','London Chronicle, 1773-1774'[16]

I might be mistaken, but I rather think that if I attempted to identify the contributors throughout- and even if I was to get hold of all of the original articles in English- that is, chasing all the volumes above- in all probability I would still be confronted with anonymity? I presume that Bamberger, or one of his associates would have reproduced the name if it was given in the original. An indication of those anonymous books & articles I have since been able to disclose is given in square brackets following the article [i.e. where the author is named], these were: Francis Blackburne, James Burgh, Thomas Harmer,Robert Wallace and David Williams; thus the Index of Anonymous Writings is steadily decreasing

I notice that we find the translation of many parliamentary speeches concerning the so called 'Feathers Tavern Petition', i.e. the 39 articles presented to the House of Commons on the 5th February 1772 [originally draughted by T. Lindsey; Francis Blackburne; John Jebb; Christopher Wyvill(1740-1822), Edmund Law & others?] and then further on [Bd. 4, St. 1, 1773, S.66-112] is taken up with speeches of the combined years 1772 & 1773. In the following issue we find yet more information [Bd. 4, St. 2, 1773, S.359-382.] Actually it's a good example of how contemporaneous this journal was, and I suppose if one considers the translations of Andrew Kippis, & Blackburne's 'Confessional', as well as passages from 'A short View of the Controversies,1773' in the subsequent edition [Bd. 4, St. 3, S.592-624.] this all shows a fairly comprehensive insight into English radicalism & the tradition of rational dissent









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[1] 'Die | gelehrten Theologen | Deutschlands | im | achtzehnten und neunzehnten | Jahrhundert | [small line] | Nach ihrem Leben und Wirken | dargestellt | von | Dr. Heinrich Doering. | Erster Band. | A- H. | [line] | Neustadt a. d. Orla, | bei Johann Karl Gottfried Wagner. | [small line] | 1831.'[BL.: 4888. d. 4.][i.e. 4 Bde.,1831-35.][8o][BL.: 4885. c. 6.]

[2]This is immediately apparent if one consults the 'Index of German Translators and Editors' in Mary & Lawrence Price's 'The Publication of English Humaniora in Germany in the Eighteenth Century. Uni. of California Press, 1955, pp.207-216; if one was to compare his translations with the German philosopher Christian Garve(1742-1798) similarly a prodigious translator of English works- Burke, Ferguson, Gerard, Payley, Smith,&c. [see Norbert Waszek's 'Christian Garve als Zentralgestalt der deutschen Rezeption Schottischer Aufklärung', in: Schottische Aufklärung "A Hotbed of Genius". Hrsg. von Daniel Brühlmeier, Helmut Holzhey und Vilem Mudroch, Akademie Verlag, 1996, S.123-145. [esp. chap.IV. Garves Ambition, ein 'deutscher Hume' zu werden, S.132-135.] I think that when we begin to inclusion of three theological journals, the 'breadth & depth' of his contribution becomes much more apparent; unquestionably Bamberger's role in the reception of British theology in German deserves far greater recognition.

[3]Die gelehrten Theologen Deutschlands im achtzehnten und neunzehnten Jahrhundert. Nach ihrem Leben und Wirken dargestellt von Dr. Heinrich Doering, Bd. 1, A- H. Neustadt a. d. Orla, bei Johann Karl Gottfried Wagner, 1831, Johann Peter Bamberger,pp.41-43; further unspecified contributions are intimated: "Auch an den aus dem Englischen übersetzten Reisen, welche bei dem Buchhändler Mylius in Berlin erschienen, hatte Bamberger vielen Antheil." This must be the 'Sammlung der besten und neuesten Reisebeschreibungen in einem ausführlichen Auszug...aus verschiedenen Sprachen zusammen getragen a. d. E., Berlin, Mylius[I-XXV], 1763-1802.'; continued as 'Neue Sammlung der besten und neuesten Reisebeschreibungen, Berlin, Mylius[XXV-XXXV], 1784-1802.'



[4]Obviously his own sermons, published at Dessau, 1784 and a new edition in 1794, will provide the best material, although I have been unable to locate these works in England.



[5]There is a copy at Göttingen[ Got:8oTh.bibl.864/48.][4o] This work is of considerable importance for understanding what might be called the 'interface' of British & German theology, in that it contained Benson's exegetical work 'Essay concerning the Unity of Sense; to shew that no text of Scripture has more than one single sense.' We know that Johann Georg Hamann had read this avidly as he is rather critical of this work in his 'Aesthetica in nuce'(1762), from there, considered by some as a 'Sturm u. Drang' manifesto, it would have effortlessly flowed into mainstream thought as a key text. I should point out that I am of the opinion that Herder's hermeneutical thinking his concept of 'Einfühlung' is considerably influenced by British thought most notably Adam Smith's 'Theory of Moral Sentiment' but also Hume's 'Of the Standard of Taste', and more recently Locke's 'introductory essay to the 'Paraphrases'. (see my paper I have written ‘Insinuatory hermeneutics’)

[6]"II. D. Bensons paraphrastische Erklärungen u. Anmerkungen über einige Bücher der neuen Testaments. Erster und Zweyter Band...[....] Bamberger....1761."[J.A.Ernesti Neue Theologische Bibliothek,Bd. 2, 9tes St,1761,S.791-816.]

[7]I know only of a review 'II. Benson's Pflanzung der christl. Religion."[J.A.Ernesti Neue Theologische Bibliothek, Bd.9, 9 St., 1769, 781-804.]

[8]"Jetzt liegt des Voeux über den Prediger Salomo vor mir, den ich mit Vergnügen zu durchwandern gedenke: und alsdann will ich an Semlers anti-prodigieuse Kirchengeschichte der sechs ersten Jahrhunderte..."[ Herder an J.G. Hamann, Riga, 5. September 1767 SB I 83: 93-96.][N 96f.]There is also a review in.Ernesti's 'Neue Theologische Bibliothek, Bd. 6, 3tes St., 1765,S.187-213.'



[9]In the British Library I notice that they have the following edition which includes translations from Peter Hanssen, Moses Mendelssohn, Johann David Michaelis, and Johann David Rabe: 'Der Prediger Salomo, mit einer kurzen und zureichenden Erklärung nach dem Wort-verstand...von dem Verfasser des Phäidon, &c....Anspach, 1771.'[BL.: 3165. e. 13.][pp.164;4o]

[10]'A. Andersons historische und chronologische Geschichte des Handels von den ältesten bis auf jezzige Zeiten. Aus dem Englischen übersezt. Erster Theil. Riga, verlegts Johann Friedrich Hartknoch, 1773.'It is a massive work, and Herder spoke of Andersons" schätzbaren 'Geschichte des Handels'" in his 'Ideen zur philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit'' [SWS XIV, 423.] the following description will suffice:

'Composed in the form of annals, it is not merely a record of commercial progress and colonial enterprise, but a history of the political, industrial, and social development of all civilised countries, and especially of Great Britain and Ireland. Abstracts of all treaties, acts of parliament, and pamphlets in any way bearing on commerce or kindred matters, are added, together with statistical accounts of the national finances, of prices, currency, and population. The early portions of the work are untrustworthy... In the introduction to his work Anderson showed himself in advance of his time, and exposed several of the fallacies of the mercantile system. He condemned industrial monopolies, and advocated the naturalisation of foreign protestants, and a uniformity of weights, measures, and coinage for all the nations of Christendom' [Dictionary of National Biography, p371.]



[11]"Das Original besteht aus zweenen Bänden im großen Folioformat. Diese werden in der Uebersezzung hoffentlich nicht mehr als sechs Octavbände ausmachen, von welchen in jeder Leipziger Oster=und Michaelsmesse ein Band erscheinen soll. Am Ende des zweiten Bandes des Originals findet sich ein alphabethisches Register über beide Theile. In der Uebersezzung wird bei jedem Bande ein Register erscheinen."[ Vorbericht des Uebersezzers,.iv.]; the dates of the other volumes were; '2Thl, Riga,1773, 3Thl, Riga,1775,4 Thl, Riga,1776, 5Thl, Riga,1777, 6 Thl, Riga,1778, and 7 Thl, Riga, 1779.'



[12]'schoolmaster and author; published a 'Speculum Latinum,'1728; brought out 'Phædri Fabulæ,' with accents and notes, 1754; attacked the government in Shebbeare and Scott's anti-ministerial 'Monitor'; obtained damages in 1765 for seizure of his papers by the government three years before; published histories and compiled English and Latin dictionaries.'[CDNB, p.404; vol. xvii, 378.]



[13]I notice this is not listed in Doering

[14]'Odium theologicum': Some remarks on the reception of Hume's observations on the 'Priesthood' from his essay 'Of National Characters' in Germany in the early 1770s and the theological feuding between Spalding, Teller and Herder'



[15]"..die Fortsetzung des brittischen theologischen Magazins....Es sollen darin zufördest die besten theologischen Abhandlungen über die wichtigsten Materien, aus der englischen Sprache übersetzt, erscheinen....Man wird ferner fortfahren, von den Lebensumständen und Schriften der berühmtesten englischen Gottesgelehrten und Freigeister Nachrichten zu liefern; und endlich mit vermischten Nachricten von dem Zustande der theologische Litteratur in Grosbrittanien beschliessen."



[16]I know that Anne Jebb, wife of John Jebb contributed to the 'Chronicle' under the pseudonym 'Priscilla',